GUADALAJARA, Mexico: When Rubi Cruz recognized her husband鈥檚 belongings among personal items found at a suspected Mexican drug cartel training camp, she feared the worst 鈥� that he had become a victim of forced recruitment.
The discovery of bones, shoes and clothing at a ranch in the western state of Jalisco has shone a spotlight on the ruthless tactics of violent criminal groups in a country where more than 120,000 people are missing.
Cruz鈥檚 husband Fermin Hernandez, then 33, was kidnapped in 2021 from his home in the town of Tala near the Izaguirre ranch by gunmen who shot him in the leg.
She spotted what she believes are his personal items, including a wallet and T-shirt, in images released by a civil society group that went to look for the remains of missing persons at the site last month.
鈥淚 felt a lot of pain, a lot of sadness,鈥� the 31-year-old restaurant worker told AFP, her husband鈥檚 image and the words 鈥測our wife is looking for you鈥� printed on her long-sleeved T-shirt.
According to the government, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, one of the drug trafficking groups designated terrorist organizations by US President Donald Trump, lured recruits with fake job adverts.
They were given firearms and other training at the Izaguirre ranch, Security Minister Omar Garcia Harfuch said last month, based on the testimony of an alleged cartel recruiter who was arrested.
鈥淭hey even took the lives of people who resisted the training or tried to escape,鈥� he said.
Disappearances have soared in Mexico since the government declared war on drug trafficking groups in 2006.
Around 480,000 people have been murdered in a spiral of violence since then.
Veronica Cruz 鈥� of no relation to Rubi Cruz 鈥� fears her son Robert Reyes is also a victim of forced recruitment by a drug cartel.
The teenager disappeared a year ago after traveling to Jalisco, lured by an offer of work painting houses.
Robert鈥檚 mother, 42, believes he was also at the Izaguirre ranch because he once sent a message from the area.
She had tried to keep him away from the neighborhood鈥檚 gangs and drugs, but said she never imagined her son would be forced to join a cartel.
At the age of 16, the high school dropout traveled from his home in a suburb near Mexico City to Jalisco a year ago to earn money to buy a motorcycle, disobeying his mother.
Weeks later, he called his sister, crying.
鈥淚鈥檓 a hitman. My friend was just killed... If I don鈥檛 get out of here, I鈥檒l watch over you from heaven,鈥� he said, according to his mother.
Later, a man who said he was Robert鈥檚 friend wrote to his sister via social media to tell her that he had died in a shootout.
鈥淚 thought hitmen wanted to do that work. I never thought cartels were taking people away,鈥� his mother said.
The government says it has taken down dozens of social media pages recruiting for criminal groups.
But on video-sharing app TikTok, jobs are still offered in Jalisco with 鈥渕eals and lodging,鈥� featuring nicknames for the Jalisco New Generation Cartel.
Jalisco state accounts for 12 percent of the roughly 127,000 missing people in Mexico, mainly young men.
Many disappearances are linked to forced recruitment because gangs need armies to control their territory and to generate illicit income, according to Jorge Ramirez, a researcher at the University of Guadalajara.
The victims are often poor young people without access to education, he said.
In 2024, around 30 young people were reported to have disappeared after attending what they believed would be job interviews in the Jalisco state capital Guadalajara.
Despite her fears, Rubi Cruz still hopes to find her husband alive.
Veronica Cruz鈥檚 optimism has waned, but she still wants answers.
鈥淢aybe I鈥檓 not looking for justice, but I want to know where my son is 鈥� whatever it takes,鈥� she said.