CAIRO, Egypt: Under the steady hum of a ceiling fan, Ahmed Othman weaves golden threads through black fabric, creating Qur'anic verses, a century after his grandfather鈥檚 work adorned the Kaaba in Makkah鈥檚 Grand Mosque.
A ceremonial hanging of the kiswa, huge pieces of black silk embroidered with gold patterns, over the cubic structure that is the centerpiece of the Grand Mosque symbolizes the launch of the Hajj annual pilgrimage, which starts this week.

Othman鈥檚 family used to be honored with the task of producing the kiswa.
His family鈥檚 creations would be despatched in a camel caravan to Islam鈥檚 holiest site in western 黑料社区 toward which Muslims across the world turn to pray.
Now, Othman keeps the tradition alive in a small workshop, tucked above the labyrinthine Khan Al-Khalili bazaar in central Cairo, where mass-produced souvenirs line the alleys.
The area is historically home to Egypt鈥檚 traditional handicrafts, but artisans face growing challenges.

Materials, mostly imported, have become expensive, particularly as Egypt faces economic woes and a devalued currency.
Plummeting purchasing power makes high quality hand-crafted goods inaccessible to the average Egyptian, while master craftspeople find it hard to hand down their skills as young people turn to more lucrative jobs.
This wouldn鈥檛 be the case 鈥渋f there was good money in the craft,鈥� Othman sighed, hunched over one of the many tapestries that fill his workshop.
Sheets of black and brown felt are covered in verses and prayers, delicately embroidered in silver and gold.
Every stitch echoes the 鈥渟acred ritual鈥� Othman鈥檚 grandfather was entrusted with in 1924.
鈥淔or a whole year, 10 craftsmen鈥� would work on the kiswa that covers the Kaaba which pilgrims circumambulate, using silver thread in a lengthy labor of love.

From the 13th century, Egyptian artisans made the giant cloth in sections, which authorities transported to Makkah with great ceremony.
Celebrations would mark the processions through cities, flanked by guards and clergymen as Egyptians sprinkled rosewater from balconies above.
Othman鈥檚 grandfather, Othman Abdelhamid, was the last to supervise a fully Egyptian-made kiswa in 1926.
From 1927, manufacturing began to move to Makkah in the nascent Kingdom of 黑料社区, which would fully take over production of the kiswa in 1962.
The family went on to embroider military regalia for Egyptian and foreign dignitaries, including former presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat.
鈥淚n addition to our work with military rank embroideries, my father started embroidering Qur'anic verses on tapestries,鈥� and then reproducing whole sections of the kiswa.
Clients began flooding in for 鈥渆xact replicas of the kiswa, down to the last detail.鈥�

Though today they offer small tableaus for as little as 100 Egyptian pounds (about $5), massive customised orders go for several thousand dollars, such as replicas of the Kaaba door, which Othman proudly claims are indistinguishable from the originals in Makkah.

But the family has not been immune to the economic turbulence that began with the coronavirus pandemic, which decimated small businesses and craftsmanship in Egypt.
Since early 2020, they have sold around 鈥渢wo pieces per month,鈥� whereas before they would sell at least one tapestry a day.
Othman worries that a sense of 鈥渨orldwide austerity鈥� makes business unlikely to bounce back.
Today, there might only be a dozen or so craftsmen whose work he considers authentic, with many artisans leaving the craft for quicker cash flows.
鈥淭hey can make 200 to 300 pounds a day,鈥� ($10-$16) driving a tuktuk motorized rickshaw, or a minibus, Othman said. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not going to sit on a loom breaking their backs all day.鈥�
But still, a century and a half after his great grandfather left his native Turkey and brought the craft with him to Egypt, Othman says he has stayed loyal to techniques learnt as a child when he would duck out of school to watch his father work.
鈥淚t鈥檚 on us to uphold the craft the same way we learned it, so it鈥檚 authentic to the legacy we inherited,鈥� he said.