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There were two things expected before Oct. 7, 2023: that Hamas would carry out military operations and that Israel had a list of regional targets it intended to destroy. What happened simply gave Israel the license to carry all of that out at once.

The Fertile Crescent, the cradle of Middle Eastern and global civilization, is currently undergoing structural shifts whose repercussions are difficult to gauge in a world where everything moves in several directions at breakneck speed.